• CAS: 90-72-2 2,4,6-Tris(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol Production Process and Method
    CAS: 90-72-2 2,4,6-Tris(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol Production Process and Method

    Brief introduction.
    2,4,6-tris(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol, an organic chemical substance, molecular formula: C15H27N3O.
    Chinese name: 2,4,6-tris(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol
    Foreign name: 2,4,6-Tris(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol
    English alias: 2,4,6-tris[(dimethylamino)methyl]phenol
    Alias: Epoxy accelerator DMP-30; Tris(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol
    Appearance: transparent liquid
    Chemical formula: C15H27N3O
    Molecular weight: 271.4314
    CAS No.: 90-72-2
    EINECS number: 202-013-9
    Boiling point: 320.50 ℃
    Density: 1.054 g/cm³
    Flash point: 116.63 ℃
    Refractive index: 1.517

    Epoxy resin curing accelerator DMP-30 is 2,4,6 tris(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol, which is a tertiary amine curing agent. It can be used as an epoxy resin curing agent at room temperature, and also as an efficient accelerator for acid anhydride, polyvinylamine and aliphatic polyamine curing agents.
    This product contains phenolic hydroxyl group in its molecular structure, so the activity is increased and it can be used for fast curing, mainly for thermosetting epoxy resin curing agent and adhesive, and it can be used as accelerator of acid anhydride curing agent and amide curing agent for casting and pressure layer products, the amount of this product as curing agent is generally about 3-13%, and the amount as accelerator is generally 0.1-3%. This product can be used as a catalyst in rubber anti-ozone agent and rigid polyurethane foam raw material combination polyether.

    Production process.
    2000L reaction kettle, 200kg of phenol, 720kg of dimethylamine, 520kg of formaldehyde added dropwise below 50 degrees.
    kg, after drop addition, raise the temperature to 70 degrees, keep warm for 2 hours, lower the temperature to 50 degrees, add 100 kg of sodium chloride
    Sodium chloride, stir, let stand, stratify, and dehydrate the crude product under pressure.

    Method of preparation.
    After the reaction of phenol with dimethylamine and formaldehyde, the reaction products are stratified, dehydrated under vacuum and filtered to obtain the finished product.

    Theoretical unit consumption: (one ton of product)
    Phenol: 400 kg
    Dimethylamine (40% aqueous solution) 1440kg
    Formaldehyde (37% aqueous solution) 1040kg
    Produce waste water about 1.8 tons, mainly containing a small amount of formaldehyde

    Dosage:
    As accelerator dosage is about 1~5%
    As a curing agent dosage of about 10%

    Application areas.
    Use one
    Used as curing agent for thermosetting epoxy resin, adhesive, binder for laminate material and flooring, acid neutralizer and catalyst in polyurethane production
    Application 2
    Used as antioxidant, also used in dye preparation
    Application 3
    Used as curing agent for thermosetting epoxy resin, adhesive, sealant for laminate materials and flooring, acid neutralizer and catalyst in polyurethane production.

    Numbering system.
    CAS No.: 90-72-2
    MDL No.: MFCD00008330
    EINECS No.: 202-013-9
    RTECS No.: SN3500000
    BRN No.: 795751
    PubChem No.: 24900319

    Safety information.
    Package Class: III
    Hazard Class: 8
    Customs Code: 29222900
    Dangerous Goods Transport Code: UN 2735 8/PG 3
    WGK Germany: 1
    Hazardous category code: R22; R36/38
    Safety instructions: S26-S28-S2
    RTECS number: SN3500000
    Dangerous Goods Marking: Xn

    Safety terminology.
    S26 - Immediately after inadvertent contact with eyes, flush with plenty of water and seek medical advice.
    S28 - Immediately after inadvertent contact with skin, flush with plenty of soapy water.
    S2 - Avoid contact with children.
    S61 - Avoid release into the environment. Refer to special instructions/safety data sheet.
    S45 - In case of accident or discomfort, seek immediate medical attention (if possible, show its label).
    S36/37/39 - Wear appropriate protective clothing, gloves and goggles or mask.

    Storage and transportation.
    Should be kept sealed and stored in a dry, cool and ventilated warehouse

    Packaging.
    200KG/drum Storage: It is recommended to store in dry and cool area with proper ventilation. After the original packaging, please fasten the lid as soon as possible to prevent the mixing of other substances such as moisture to affect the performance of the product. Do not inhale dust and avoid skin and mucous membrane contact. Smoking, eating and drinking are prohibited in the workplace. After work, shower and change clothes. Store contaminated clothes separately and wash them before use. Maintain good hygiene habits.

    More:https://www.newtopchem.com/archives/39733
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    CAS: 90-72-2 2,4,6-Tris(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol Production Process and Method Brief introduction. 2,4,6-tris(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol, an organic chemical substance, molecular formula: C15H27N3O. Chinese name: 2,4,6-tris(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol Foreign name: 2,4,6-Tris(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol English alias: 2,4,6-tris[(dimethylamino)methyl]phenol Alias: Epoxy accelerator DMP-30; Tris(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol Appearance: transparent liquid Chemical formula: C15H27N3O Molecular weight: 271.4314 CAS No.: 90-72-2 EINECS number: 202-013-9 Boiling point: 320.50 ℃ Density: 1.054 g/cm³ Flash point: 116.63 ℃ Refractive index: 1.517 Epoxy resin curing accelerator DMP-30 is 2,4,6 tris(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol, which is a tertiary amine curing agent. It can be used as an epoxy resin curing agent at room temperature, and also as an efficient accelerator for acid anhydride, polyvinylamine and aliphatic polyamine curing agents. This product contains phenolic hydroxyl group in its molecular structure, so the activity is increased and it can be used for fast curing, mainly for thermosetting epoxy resin curing agent and adhesive, and it can be used as accelerator of acid anhydride curing agent and amide curing agent for casting and pressure layer products, the amount of this product as curing agent is generally about 3-13%, and the amount as accelerator is generally 0.1-3%. This product can be used as a catalyst in rubber anti-ozone agent and rigid polyurethane foam raw material combination polyether. Production process. 2000L reaction kettle, 200kg of phenol, 720kg of dimethylamine, 520kg of formaldehyde added dropwise below 50 degrees. kg, after drop addition, raise the temperature to 70 degrees, keep warm for 2 hours, lower the temperature to 50 degrees, add 100 kg of sodium chloride Sodium chloride, stir, let stand, stratify, and dehydrate the crude product under pressure. Method of preparation. After the reaction of phenol with dimethylamine and formaldehyde, the reaction products are stratified, dehydrated under vacuum and filtered to obtain the finished product. Theoretical unit consumption: (one ton of product) Phenol: 400 kg Dimethylamine (40% aqueous solution) 1440kg Formaldehyde (37% aqueous solution) 1040kg Produce waste water about 1.8 tons, mainly containing a small amount of formaldehyde Dosage: As accelerator dosage is about 1~5% As a curing agent dosage of about 10% Application areas. Use one Used as curing agent for thermosetting epoxy resin, adhesive, binder for laminate material and flooring, acid neutralizer and catalyst in polyurethane production Application 2 Used as antioxidant, also used in dye preparation Application 3 Used as curing agent for thermosetting epoxy resin, adhesive, sealant for laminate materials and flooring, acid neutralizer and catalyst in polyurethane production. Numbering system. CAS No.: 90-72-2 MDL No.: MFCD00008330 EINECS No.: 202-013-9 RTECS No.: SN3500000 BRN No.: 795751 PubChem No.: 24900319 Safety information. Package Class: III Hazard Class: 8 Customs Code: 29222900 Dangerous Goods Transport Code: UN 2735 8/PG 3 WGK Germany: 1 Hazardous category code: R22; R36/38 Safety instructions: S26-S28-S2 RTECS number: SN3500000 Dangerous Goods Marking: Xn Safety terminology. S26 - Immediately after inadvertent contact with eyes, flush with plenty of water and seek medical advice. S28 - Immediately after inadvertent contact with skin, flush with plenty of soapy water. S2 - Avoid contact with children. S61 - Avoid release into the environment. Refer to special instructions/safety data sheet. S45 - In case of accident or discomfort, seek immediate medical attention (if possible, show its label). S36/37/39 - Wear appropriate protective clothing, gloves and goggles or mask. Storage and transportation. Should be kept sealed and stored in a dry, cool and ventilated warehouse Packaging. 200KG/drum Storage: It is recommended to store in dry and cool area with proper ventilation. After the original packaging, please fasten the lid as soon as possible to prevent the mixing of other substances such as moisture to affect the performance of the product. Do not inhale dust and avoid skin and mucous membrane contact. Smoking, eating and drinking are prohibited in the workplace. After work, shower and change clothes. Store contaminated clothes separately and wash them before use. Maintain good hygiene habits. More:https://www.newtopchem.com/archives/39733 Technical support and business contacts E-mail:info@newtopchem.com
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  • NT CAT PC-5 CAS No.: 3030-47-5 Product Application
    NT CAT PC-5 CAS No.: 3030-47-5 Product Application

    Brief introduction.
    Chemical name: N,N,N′,N′,N″-Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine
    Alias: Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine
    Abbreviation: PMDETA
    English name: N,N,N′,N′,N″-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine
    Molecular formula: C9H23N3
    Relative molecular mass 173.3
    CAS No. 3030-47-5

    Applications.
    Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is a highly active tertiary amine foaming catalyst, PMDETA has a strong foaming effect, which can improve the flow of foam and enhance the quality of products.PMDETA can also be used as a ligand for polyurethane foam catalysts and a ligand for functional polymerization materials. In addition, other applications are exemplified as follows.
    1. Preparation of a two-phase amine absorber for capturing CO2.
    The two-phase amine absorber is a three-component system consisting of diethylenetriamine, pentamethylenetriamine, and water, and the total concentration of diethylenetriamine and pentamethylenetriamine in water is 4~5 mol/L, and the molar ratio of diethylenetriamine to pentamethylenetriamine is 1:4~4:1; these two organic amines alone do not have the ability to split the phase after absorbing CO2 in aqueous solution, but the two-phase amine absorber composed of the three-phase system But the two-phase amine absorber composed of this ternary system has the performance of phase separation, which is a homogeneous solution before absorbing CO2, and is divided into two phases after absorbing CO2 saturation. After saturated absorption, CO2 is enriched in the aqueous phase, and after phase separation, only the solution enriched in the CO2 phase needs to be regenerated thermally, thus greatly reducing the amount of enriched liquid required for regeneration, effectively reducing regeneration energy consumption, and also maintaining efficient CO2 absorption performance, which has a wide range of application prospects.

    2. A methanol gasoline power accelerator.
    The accelerator consists of: isooctanol, aminoacetaldehyde diethyl acetal, 1,5-cyclooctadiene, 2-acetylbenzofuran, propargyl alcohol, n-propanol, zinc naphthenate, dinonyl naphthalene sulfonic acid, dipolyoxyvinyl aliphatic amine, and pentamethyldiethylenetriamine. The preparation method includes: a. Add isooctanol, aminoacetaldehyde diethyl acetal, 1,5-cyclooctadiene, 2-acetylbenzofuran to the reaction kettle and stir the reaction for 40-50 minutes at 60-62°C with closed ultrasonic stirring, b. Mix n-propanol, zinc naphthenate, dinonyl naphthalenesulfonic acid and stir for 15-25 minutes; c. Add propargyl alcohol, the mixture in step b, dipolyoxyvinyl fatty amine, pentamethyl diethylenetriamine, add them to the mixture in step a in turn, stir for 20~25 minutes at 33~35℃, and then cool down to obtain.

    Quality index.
    Content: ≥98%
    Specific gravity: 0.8330-0.8410
    Refractive index: 1.4430-1.4450

    Storage and transportation.
    Should be sealed and stored in a dry, cool and ventilated warehouse

    Packing.
    200KG/drum Storage: It is recommended to be stored in dry and cool area with proper ventilation. Please fasten the lid as soon as possible after the original packaging to prevent the mixing of other substances such as water and other substances from affecting the product performance. Do not inhale dust and avoid skin and mucous membrane contact. Smoking, eating and drinking are prohibited in the workplace. After work, shower and change clothes. Store contaminated clothes separately and wash them before use. Maintain good hygiene habits.

    More:https://www.newtopchem.com/archives/668
    Technical support and business contacts E-mail:info@newtopchem.com
    NT CAT PC-5 CAS No.: 3030-47-5 Product Application Brief introduction. Chemical name: N,N,N′,N′,N″-Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine Alias: Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine Abbreviation: PMDETA English name: N,N,N′,N′,N″-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine Molecular formula: C9H23N3 Relative molecular mass 173.3 CAS No. 3030-47-5 Applications. Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) is a highly active tertiary amine foaming catalyst, PMDETA has a strong foaming effect, which can improve the flow of foam and enhance the quality of products.PMDETA can also be used as a ligand for polyurethane foam catalysts and a ligand for functional polymerization materials. In addition, other applications are exemplified as follows. 1. Preparation of a two-phase amine absorber for capturing CO2. The two-phase amine absorber is a three-component system consisting of diethylenetriamine, pentamethylenetriamine, and water, and the total concentration of diethylenetriamine and pentamethylenetriamine in water is 4~5 mol/L, and the molar ratio of diethylenetriamine to pentamethylenetriamine is 1:4~4:1; these two organic amines alone do not have the ability to split the phase after absorbing CO2 in aqueous solution, but the two-phase amine absorber composed of the three-phase system But the two-phase amine absorber composed of this ternary system has the performance of phase separation, which is a homogeneous solution before absorbing CO2, and is divided into two phases after absorbing CO2 saturation. After saturated absorption, CO2 is enriched in the aqueous phase, and after phase separation, only the solution enriched in the CO2 phase needs to be regenerated thermally, thus greatly reducing the amount of enriched liquid required for regeneration, effectively reducing regeneration energy consumption, and also maintaining efficient CO2 absorption performance, which has a wide range of application prospects. 2. A methanol gasoline power accelerator. The accelerator consists of: isooctanol, aminoacetaldehyde diethyl acetal, 1,5-cyclooctadiene, 2-acetylbenzofuran, propargyl alcohol, n-propanol, zinc naphthenate, dinonyl naphthalene sulfonic acid, dipolyoxyvinyl aliphatic amine, and pentamethyldiethylenetriamine. The preparation method includes: a. Add isooctanol, aminoacetaldehyde diethyl acetal, 1,5-cyclooctadiene, 2-acetylbenzofuran to the reaction kettle and stir the reaction for 40-50 minutes at 60-62°C with closed ultrasonic stirring, b. Mix n-propanol, zinc naphthenate, dinonyl naphthalenesulfonic acid and stir for 15-25 minutes; c. Add propargyl alcohol, the mixture in step b, dipolyoxyvinyl fatty amine, pentamethyl diethylenetriamine, add them to the mixture in step a in turn, stir for 20~25 minutes at 33~35℃, and then cool down to obtain. Quality index. Content: ≥98% Specific gravity: 0.8330-0.8410 Refractive index: 1.4430-1.4450 Storage and transportation. Should be sealed and stored in a dry, cool and ventilated warehouse Packing. 200KG/drum Storage: It is recommended to be stored in dry and cool area with proper ventilation. Please fasten the lid as soon as possible after the original packaging to prevent the mixing of other substances such as water and other substances from affecting the product performance. Do not inhale dust and avoid skin and mucous membrane contact. Smoking, eating and drinking are prohibited in the workplace. After work, shower and change clothes. Store contaminated clothes separately and wash them before use. Maintain good hygiene habits. More:https://www.newtopchem.com/archives/668 Technical support and business contacts E-mail:info@newtopchem.com
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    Price
    $10 (USD)
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  • Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) Market Size to Grow with High CAGR during Forecast Period

    Get Free Request Sample Report @ https://straitsresearch.com/report/polyvinylidene-fluoride-market/request-sample
    Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) Market Size to Grow with High CAGR during Forecast Period Get Free Request Sample Report @ https://straitsresearch.com/report/polyvinylidene-fluoride-market/request-sample
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  • http://www.lcaf-worlds.com/magnet-sign/MagnetSignManufacturs PRODUCT DESCRIPTION This is a very needed safety sign for babies. When other drivers see this sign, they will yield to your car and remind the driver to drive carefully. PRODUCT PARAMETERS Product nameBaby On Board Safety Magnet Sticker Sign For Car Size5鈥?x 5鈥?/p> MaterialVinyl FeatureSunscreen, rainproof, long service life PRODUCT DETAILS Cute warning - Bold text and cute baby avatar seem like a baby talking, so that drivers can know that there is a baby in the car and pay attention to driving safety. Reflective and durable - The sign can resist all kinds of weather and will not fade. It will be used as a warning during the day or at night. Repeated use - It can be adsorbed at any position of the car, as long as it is a metal surface. It is recommended to buy more and use it on the side and back of the car to warn more drivers and pedestrians. Moreover, it is movable and will not leave any trace when it is removed. PRODUCT USAGE The sign can be used for any vehicle. When driving, its appearance not only protects the baby's safety, but also reminds others to drive safely. In addition, it is also a good choice to give it as a gift to novice mothers. FAQ Q1: What products do you mainly produce? A1: Customizable traffic signs, road signs, safety warning signs, magnetic stickers, license plates, gift bags. Customizable telescopic cones and various alarms. Q2: Can the product packaging be customized? A2: Yes. Our packing methods include carton, wooden case, blister packaging, tool kit, etc. Logo, pattern and text can also be printed on the package. Of course, these need to be charged. The default packaging is carton. Q3: How do I know the price? A3: You need to send the customized product requirements (material, size, process, packaging, etc.) to our email, and we will quote within 24 hours.MagnetSignManufacturs website:http://www.lcaf-worlds.com/magnet-sign/
    http://www.lcaf-worlds.com/magnet-sign/MagnetSignManufacturs PRODUCT DESCRIPTION This is a very needed safety sign for babies. When other drivers see this sign, they will yield to your car and remind the driver to drive carefully. PRODUCT PARAMETERS Product nameBaby On Board Safety Magnet Sticker Sign For Car Size5鈥?x 5鈥?/p> MaterialVinyl FeatureSunscreen, rainproof, long service life PRODUCT DETAILS Cute warning - Bold text and cute baby avatar seem like a baby talking, so that drivers can know that there is a baby in the car and pay attention to driving safety. Reflective and durable - The sign can resist all kinds of weather and will not fade. It will be used as a warning during the day or at night. Repeated use - It can be adsorbed at any position of the car, as long as it is a metal surface. It is recommended to buy more and use it on the side and back of the car to warn more drivers and pedestrians. Moreover, it is movable and will not leave any trace when it is removed. PRODUCT USAGE The sign can be used for any vehicle. When driving, its appearance not only protects the baby's safety, but also reminds others to drive safely. In addition, it is also a good choice to give it as a gift to novice mothers. FAQ Q1: What products do you mainly produce? A1: Customizable traffic signs, road signs, safety warning signs, magnetic stickers, license plates, gift bags. Customizable telescopic cones and various alarms. Q2: Can the product packaging be customized? A2: Yes. Our packing methods include carton, wooden case, blister packaging, tool kit, etc. Logo, pattern and text can also be printed on the package. Of course, these need to be charged. The default packaging is carton. Q3: How do I know the price? A3: You need to send the customized product requirements (material, size, process, packaging, etc.) to our email, and we will quote within 24 hours.MagnetSignManufacturs website:http://www.lcaf-worlds.com/magnet-sign/
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  • Genotoxicity Testing: Unlocking the Future Safety Assessment Opportunities

    Genotoxicity testing refers to the evaluation of detrimental effects of chemical or physical agents on the genetic processes and related hereditary material of living cells.

    On the other hand, mutagenicity is the process of inducing irreversible and transmissible alterations in the genetic material of organisms either spontaneously or through mutagenic activity.

    Disruption of the integrity and function of DNA at the gene or chromosomal level can lead to heritable mutations, resulting in genetic disorders, birth abnormalities, or cancer. Potential targets for DNA damage include somatic cells (confined to the exposed generation), germinal cells (potentially inherited effects), and mitochondria (detrimental to the exposed individual and progeny via maternal inheritance).

    Detrimental Effects of Genotoxins and Mutagens
    Genotoxins are chemical substances or radiations which causes genotoxicity leading to DNA or chromosomal damage, further leading to mutations. In eukaryotic organisms, damage to genetic material of somatic cell can lead to malignancy (cancer) whereas genetic damage to germ cells can result in heritable mutations that induce birth defects.

    Mechanism of Genotoxicity / Mutagenicity
    The interaction of genotoxins / mutagens with the structure of DNA causes damage to the genetic material. These genotoxic / mutagenic substances interact with the DNA structure at a specific base sequence, inducing deletion, mis-segregation, or non-disjunction, resulting in damage and mutation.

    Techniques Used for Genotoxicity / Mutagenicity Testing
    Genotoxins can be classified based on their effects into the following types:
    • Carcinogens: These have the ability to cause cancer. Examples – Asbestos, Benzene, Vinyl chloride and Carbon tetrachloride
    • Mutagens: These can induce mutations in the genetic material of an organism. Examples – Chloroform, Ethylene oxide, and Lead
    • Teratogens: These agents cause birth defects, abnormalities, or developmental problems in the offspring. Examples – Carbon monoxide, Lead and Xylene

    GENE MUTATION
    Ames Test: It is used to evaluate an agent’s mutagenic potential by reversing mutations in the tester mutant bacteria (E. coli, Salmonella typhi), as well as its ability to synthesize an essential amino acid required for growth
    MLA / HPRT: It is used to evaluate an agent’s mutagenic potential by reversing mutations in the tester mutant bacteria (E. coli, Salmonella typhi), as well as its ability to synthesize an essential amino acid required for growth
    Mutation Assay: Transgenic rodent somatic and germ cell gene mutation assay specifies an in vivo assay that perceives gene mutation causing agents.
    DNA DAMAGES
    Comet Assay: The comet assay, also known as single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE), is an efficient technique for identifying DNA strand breaks in a cell. It is used in molecular epidemiology, genotoxicity testing, and basic studies on DNA damage and repair.
    CHROMOSOMAL DAMAGES
    Chromosomal Aberration Test: The comet assay, also known as single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE), is an efficient technique for identifying DNA strand breaks in a cell.
    Micronucleus Test: The micronucleus identifies chemicals (liquid or solid) that lead to cytogenetic damage, resulting in the formation of micronuclei containing complete or lagging chromosomal segments.
    Applications of Genotoxicity / Mutagenicity
    Genotoxicity testing and mutagenicity testing can be employed in a wide range of industries. It detects the potential long-term effects of the compounds which are marketed without knowing their ability to affect human and environmental health.
    Recent Development and Future Perspectives
    Recent advancements in informatics and instrumentation technologies have facilitated the necessity to evaluate mutations and chromosomal damage caused by various chemicals.
    For additional details, please visit https://www.rootsanalysis.com/blog/genotoxicity-mutagenicity-testing/

    You may also be interested in the following titles:

    1. Quantum Computing in Drug Discovery Services Market : - Industry Trends and Global Forecasts, 2023-2035
    2. Viral Clearance and Viral Testing Services Market : - Industry Trends and Global Forecasts, 2023-2035



    About Roots Analysis
    Roots Analysis is a global leader in the pharma / biotech market research. Having worked with over 750 clients worldwide, including Fortune 500 companies, start-ups, academia, venture capitalists and strategic investors for more than a decade, we offer a highly analytical / data-driven perspective to a network of over 450,000 senior industry stakeholders looking for credible market insights.

    Contact:
    Ben Johnson
    +1 (415) 800 3415
    Ben.johnson@rootsanalysis.com




    Genotoxicity Testing: Unlocking the Future Safety Assessment Opportunities Genotoxicity testing refers to the evaluation of detrimental effects of chemical or physical agents on the genetic processes and related hereditary material of living cells. On the other hand, mutagenicity is the process of inducing irreversible and transmissible alterations in the genetic material of organisms either spontaneously or through mutagenic activity. Disruption of the integrity and function of DNA at the gene or chromosomal level can lead to heritable mutations, resulting in genetic disorders, birth abnormalities, or cancer. Potential targets for DNA damage include somatic cells (confined to the exposed generation), germinal cells (potentially inherited effects), and mitochondria (detrimental to the exposed individual and progeny via maternal inheritance). Detrimental Effects of Genotoxins and Mutagens Genotoxins are chemical substances or radiations which causes genotoxicity leading to DNA or chromosomal damage, further leading to mutations. In eukaryotic organisms, damage to genetic material of somatic cell can lead to malignancy (cancer) whereas genetic damage to germ cells can result in heritable mutations that induce birth defects. Mechanism of Genotoxicity / Mutagenicity The interaction of genotoxins / mutagens with the structure of DNA causes damage to the genetic material. These genotoxic / mutagenic substances interact with the DNA structure at a specific base sequence, inducing deletion, mis-segregation, or non-disjunction, resulting in damage and mutation. Techniques Used for Genotoxicity / Mutagenicity Testing Genotoxins can be classified based on their effects into the following types: • Carcinogens: These have the ability to cause cancer. Examples – Asbestos, Benzene, Vinyl chloride and Carbon tetrachloride • Mutagens: These can induce mutations in the genetic material of an organism. Examples – Chloroform, Ethylene oxide, and Lead • Teratogens: These agents cause birth defects, abnormalities, or developmental problems in the offspring. Examples – Carbon monoxide, Lead and Xylene GENE MUTATION Ames Test: It is used to evaluate an agent’s mutagenic potential by reversing mutations in the tester mutant bacteria (E. coli, Salmonella typhi), as well as its ability to synthesize an essential amino acid required for growth MLA / HPRT: It is used to evaluate an agent’s mutagenic potential by reversing mutations in the tester mutant bacteria (E. coli, Salmonella typhi), as well as its ability to synthesize an essential amino acid required for growth Mutation Assay: Transgenic rodent somatic and germ cell gene mutation assay specifies an in vivo assay that perceives gene mutation causing agents. DNA DAMAGES Comet Assay: The comet assay, also known as single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE), is an efficient technique for identifying DNA strand breaks in a cell. It is used in molecular epidemiology, genotoxicity testing, and basic studies on DNA damage and repair. CHROMOSOMAL DAMAGES Chromosomal Aberration Test: The comet assay, also known as single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE), is an efficient technique for identifying DNA strand breaks in a cell. Micronucleus Test: The micronucleus identifies chemicals (liquid or solid) that lead to cytogenetic damage, resulting in the formation of micronuclei containing complete or lagging chromosomal segments. Applications of Genotoxicity / Mutagenicity Genotoxicity testing and mutagenicity testing can be employed in a wide range of industries. It detects the potential long-term effects of the compounds which are marketed without knowing their ability to affect human and environmental health. Recent Development and Future Perspectives Recent advancements in informatics and instrumentation technologies have facilitated the necessity to evaluate mutations and chromosomal damage caused by various chemicals. For additional details, please visit https://www.rootsanalysis.com/blog/genotoxicity-mutagenicity-testing/ You may also be interested in the following titles: 1. Quantum Computing in Drug Discovery Services Market : - Industry Trends and Global Forecasts, 2023-2035 2. Viral Clearance and Viral Testing Services Market : - Industry Trends and Global Forecasts, 2023-2035 About Roots Analysis Roots Analysis is a global leader in the pharma / biotech market research. Having worked with over 750 clients worldwide, including Fortune 500 companies, start-ups, academia, venture capitalists and strategic investors for more than a decade, we offer a highly analytical / data-driven perspective to a network of over 450,000 senior industry stakeholders looking for credible market insights. Contact: Ben Johnson +1 (415) 800 3415 Ben.johnson@rootsanalysis.com
    Genotoxicity Testing: Unlocking the Future Safety Assessment Opportunities
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